In late 1948, the father of Soviet cosmonaut Сергей Павлович Королёв ( Sergei Korolev, in photography down next to Yuri Gagarin ), began work on the study of reactions a living organism capable of flight in a rocket. After lengthy discussions it was decided that the biological object to choose would be a dog. The truth is that physiologists had long experience with them so you knew his conduct and the peculiarities of your body and also knew that animals were not capricious and that it was easy to tame.
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The first candidates were mere mongrels because the doctors believed that they, from the beginning of his life, should strive for survival, also were characterized by less demanding and able to adapt quickly to personal trainers. . 
The dogs first flight took place on July 22, 1951. This is a suborbital flight * sent from the polygon Капустин Яр (Kapustin Yar), which led to the high atmosphere to Цыган (Tsygán, Gypsy) and Дезик (Diezik) in a rocket-2А Р. Both returned to earth after a 15 minute flight peacefully in his ship sustained by a white parachute. Dezik was sent a week later into the stratosphere with a new compan-ero, Лиса (Lisa), but both died after the parachute system will not work.
For the experiments dogs were chosen very large, between 6-7 kilos, according to the size as the cockpit of the rocket was expected to send into space, between 2-6 years of age an- , in good health, disease resistant and stable reactions to bad environmental conditions. Further, they should be communicative and patient. Later, when I try to orbital flights, was decided to choose only small dogs because it was easier to make a costume that they withdraw their waste. With orbital flights began to opt for copies of tones, to make them more visible on TV screens, and also is a privilege to individuals most beautiful and elegant.
The dogs were trained in Moscow, in backyards Динамо stadium (Dinamo), in a red brick house that before the revolution was called Hotel Мавритания (Mauritania). Dogs must learn to eat from vending machines and should also learn to remain calm in a cabin close for periods of time, up 20 days. You were subjected to shifts in a centrifuge, to experiences in environments where vibration and catapult launches.
The dogs were trained in Moscow, in backyards Динамо stadium (Dinamo), in a red brick house that before the revolution was called Hotel Мавритания (Mauritania). Dogs must learn to eat from vending machines and should also learn to remain calm in a cabin close for periods of time, up 20 days. You were subjected to shifts in a centrifuge, to experiences in environments where vibration and catapult launches.
The dogs first flight took place on July 22, 1951. This is a suborbital flight * sent from the polygon Капустин Яр (Kapustin Yar), which led to the high atmosphere to Цыган (Tsygán, Gypsy) and Дезик (Diezik) in a rocket-2А Р. Both returned to earth after a 15 minute flight peacefully in his ship sustained by a white parachute. Dezik was sent a week later into the stratosphere with a new compan-ero, Лиса (Lisa), but both died after the parachute system will not work. .
* Up to 100 km altitude, considered as the height limit of the earth's atmosphere but the Air Force of the United States sets the limit to consider a space trip as 80 km. However, the concept has more to do with a ride to Earth to reach a certain height because the flight of these small dogs reached a maximum height of 101 km but did not complete a full turn around our planet.
* Up to 100 km altitude, considered as the height limit of the earth's atmosphere but the Air Force of the United States sets the limit to consider a space trip as 80 km. However, the concept has more to do with a ride to Earth to reach a certain height because the flight of these small dogs reached a maximum height of 101 km but did not complete a full turn around our planet.
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After the first flight into space being followed by others that allowed dogs go testing security systems and survival in space, but the flaws in the building began to take its toll so it was decided to postpone new launches 7 new small dogs because astronauts had survived only 3. The last of the first series pups were Непутёвый and Смелый, Messy y Valiente. The latter already had a successful flight, however, Valiente, in a walk prior to takeoff, he escaped and returned only when the flight had already closed. As I could not cancel the takeoff and wanted a contrast the behavior of 2 dogs simultaneously the scientists decided to send a dog that was not fully prepared and they called ЗИБ, initial "Replacing the missing dog." The term mission so successful.
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The first orbital flight
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The first orbital flight was made by the Лайка dog (Laika) on November 3, 1957, a month after the flight of the first artificial Earth satellite, Sputnik-1, Oct. 4 (image below). As then they were not developed the means to send a spacecraft back to Earth to go into space Laika was doomed from the start to die. Moreover, as the flight was orbital flight more time was needed which required suits Special to the evacuation of urine and feces so that the work of cosmonaut was thereafter only small dogs work for simplicity in the preparation of its suit.
Laika was chosen from a list of small dogs selected from a total pool of 10 companies. Of the three selected, Albina, Laika and Muxa-Albina had been chosen, who had already traveled 2 times in a rocket, but gave up because they discovered she was pregnant I leave the quota to Laika. .
The Sputnik-2 rocket blasted off at 5:30 am and the dog died just 4 to 5 hours after its launch into space when he was in a state of zero gravity, dying at some point for his 4th turn on our planet. The data they received in the land of their physiological parameters showed that while in conditions of weightlessness his pulse had returned to near normal levels after stress release but had reached that level only after triple the usual time in experiments in land. The electrocardiogram showed no pathological changes and no motor activity was normal.
The ship had oxygen for a week but Laika, then an almost 2-years and weighing about 6 kg, died from stress and overheating of the spacecraft as due to errors in the calculations of the surface the ship and the lack of systems for thermoregulation is the temperature inside raised to 40 ° C and the dog died. The Sputnik-2 had been sent into an elliptical orbit with a large axis of the ship which exposed long side of the sun and led to his death earlier than stipulated by the biologists. The vehicle carrying food for 7 days and a system of biological waste disposal. The ship continued to revolve around our planet and its rotation after 2570 reentry into the atmosphere and disintegrated on 4 April 1958 on a section of the atmosphere between Brazil and the Caribbean.
A special committee of the Soviet Communist Party and the Soviet of Ministers did not believe that Laika had died due to errors in construction and ordered to perform experiments under equivalent conditions on Earth which, however, led death of 2 other dogs.
Only 1 week after his death was declared officially in the USSR that Laika had died in space, saying he had been through a painless death after several days after its launch. Then, the common public knew nothing of the flight of the dog Laika was inevitably no return.
The ship had oxygen for a week but Laika, then an almost 2-years and weighing about 6 kg, died from stress and overheating of the spacecraft as due to errors in the calculations of the surface the ship and the lack of systems for thermoregulation is the temperature inside raised to 40 ° C and the dog died. The Sputnik-2 had been sent into an elliptical orbit with a large axis of the ship which exposed long side of the sun and led to his death earlier than stipulated by the biologists. The vehicle carrying food for 7 days and a system of biological waste disposal. The ship continued to revolve around our planet and its rotation after 2570 reentry into the atmosphere and disintegrated on 4 April 1958 on a section of the atmosphere between Brazil and the Caribbean.
A special committee of the Soviet Communist Party and the Soviet of Ministers did not believe that Laika had died due to errors in construction and ordered to perform experiments under equivalent conditions on Earth which, however, led death of 2 other dogs.
Only 1 week after his death was declared officially in the USSR that Laika had died in space, saying he had been through a painless death after several days after its launch. Then, the common public knew nothing of the flight of the dog Laika was inevitably no return.
Through two books that were published in 1970 and 1982 under the title of Laika by an author named Алексей Иванов (Aleksei Ivanov) that hid the one of the main builders of the spacecraft was informed of serious technical errors in the cabin of the ship. The edition of 1982 on the device overheated and not then possessed the technology to remove heat from the cabin. According to the text, Laika died suffocated on the 4th rotation of the spacecraft. Only 3
an-os later and when they had developed the technology to bring a spacecraft back to Earth and had improved survival conditions returned to send a vehicle into space carrying a dog again.
perritas In 1959, the superior image and Козявка Дамка (Lady and Bichita) reached 210 km and returned to Earth unharmed. Upon landing were quiet and did not flee the rocket. His subsequent conduct also showed normally. Lady flew into space even 3 times.
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1960
Before 1960 there were no rockets they could return to Earth from an orbital flight. Only such an early-development or one that also had the means of survival, however, the first rocket launch of this new class was a failure:
Before 1960 there were no rockets they could return to Earth from an orbital flight. Only such an early-development or one that also had the means of survival, however, the first rocket launch of this new class was a failure:
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On July 28, 1960 and after just 19 seconds into the flight the rocket broke off a block Vostok 8K72 side of the first section and the rocket fell and exploded. In the disaster killed all female dogs and Lisichka Chaika (pictured below). The female dogs alternates to the recently deceased flew successfully on the next flight and became famous. On August 20, 1960, the day of return to Earth of these dogs, the press claimed that "soft landing took place on the rocket on Earth and returned successfully and Strielka Bielke perritas" . Bielke and Strielka 
Bielke and Strielka were collected from the streets of Moscow by employees of the Institute of Aviation Medicine and space, the Soviet agency in charge of spaceflight puppies. The criteria of choice were clear coat, no more than 4 kilos, extension of 35 cm at the withers and no more than 43 cm long. The PhD in biological sciences, Ludmila Radkevich, remember departed by car next to a soldier on the outskirts of Moscow and carrying a ruler. Of 60 specimens finally left with 4: Chaika and Lisichka already mentioned and killed in his rocket takeoff, and their alternates: Bielke and Strielka (Squirrel and arrows).
Both were launched into space an over 50-years ago, on 19 August 1960, at 15:44 hrs from the Baikonur Cosmodrome, and returned unharmed to Earth after a little over 24 hours in space aboard the Sputnik-5, a device that had all the prototypes of the systems needed to send a man into space. The female dogs were to be sent on the 17th of August, but the rocket has problems with an oxygen valve which delays the game.
Belka and Strelka, who were clad in space suits of red and green, respectively, are not left alone in space. Along with them were 40 mice (28 of whom died in orbit), 2 white rats, flies Drosophila, vegetables, mushrooms, seeds of corn, wheat, peas and onions in addition to some kinds of microbes and other biological objects. In addition, the ship had medical and biological instrumentation that would determine what changes had occurred in the bodies of dogs throughout the trip. 
Some conclusions
The flight allowed to collect information only on the influence of space flight on physiological systems, genetic and cytological living organisms and also check the performance of various support systems in space linked with food, water supply and waste disposal.
For rats, the Soviets were experimenting with them when pren-adas know how he responded to an animal in space under these conditions. In the case of rats 1 / 3 of them had ectopic pregnancies, also lost up to ¼ of its weight and the calves were left behind in their development by 10%, however, the rats were able to reach Earth normal weight. In the case of male rats decreased the concentration of spermatozoa as also their sexual impulses. The fertilization of a rat took triple the normal time on Earth.
On the other hand, other experiments with rats that were kept in conditions of weightlessness for up to 3 weeks, ie 1 / 50 of its life span, a period equivalent to one an-o and a half to a man who lived 75 an-I, showed atrophy of muscle tissue, appearance of osteoporosis, biochemical changes in the myocardium, brain and other internal organs. The animals also grew more slowly digested food better and consumed more oxygen. However, all these changes was not as permanent, but completely reversible. Space flight did not modify the extension of their lives and their reproductive functions. It came to the conclusion that the increased complexity occurs at the beginning of the flight and then reach an adaptation to the conditions.
Stars Returning to Earth, the puppies are transformed into objects of great attention. Little more than 24 hours after his return the dogs participated in a press conference in the building of the Soviet news agency TACC (TASS) and the following days were taken to kindergartens, schools and houses of nin-os orphans.
After a few days on television showed images of flight and saw two small dogs as circled in a weightless environment where even barking appeared Belka and Strelka react more restrained.
The popularity of both dogs was immense worldwide. A few months later Strelka (below far left) gave birth to 6 litters, one of which, named Pushok, was presented by Nikita Jacquelinne Xrushof to Kennedy, the wife of U.S. President John Kennedy. Strelka gave birth to more offspring in a second occasion. Both female dogs never again to fly and remained living in a research institute. Both lived to old age.
Bielke and Strielka were collected from the streets of Moscow by employees of the Institute of Aviation Medicine and space, the Soviet agency in charge of spaceflight puppies. The criteria of choice were clear coat, no more than 4 kilos, extension of 35 cm at the withers and no more than 43 cm long. The PhD in biological sciences, Ludmila Radkevich, remember departed by car next to a soldier on the outskirts of Moscow and carrying a ruler. Of 60 specimens finally left with 4: Chaika and Lisichka already mentioned and killed in his rocket takeoff, and their alternates: Bielke and Strielka (Squirrel and arrows). Both were launched into space an over 50-years ago, on 19 August 1960, at 15:44 hrs from the Baikonur Cosmodrome, and returned unharmed to Earth after a little over 24 hours in space aboard the Sputnik-5, a device that had all the prototypes of the systems needed to send a man into space. The female dogs were to be sent on the 17th of August, but the rocket has problems with an oxygen valve which delays the game.
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Although they were not the first animals to be sent into space if they were the first out of the terrestrial atmosphere and return to Earth alive. His original nickname was Альбина (Albina) and Маркиза (Marquise) but were changed to be considered by the authorities "too bourgeois" to be presented later as symbols of the achievements of Soviet science.
Belka and Strelka, who were clad in space suits of red and green, respectively, are not left alone in space. Along with them were 40 mice (28 of whom died in orbit), 2 white rats, flies Drosophila, vegetables, mushrooms, seeds of corn, wheat, peas and onions in addition to some kinds of microbes and other biological objects. In addition, the ship had medical and biological instrumentation that would determine what changes had occurred in the bodies of dogs throughout the trip. .
The small dogs were in the rocket more than 25 hours, which allowed them to complete 17 laps on Earth. In the man-ana on August 20 landed safe and sound. The doctors pulled the dogs front of the rocket landing site previously defined.
Some conclusions The flight allowed to collect information only on the influence of space flight on physiological systems, genetic and cytological living organisms and also check the performance of various support systems in space linked with food, water supply and waste disposal.
For rats, the Soviets were experimenting with them when pren-adas know how he responded to an animal in space under these conditions. In the case of rats 1 / 3 of them had ectopic pregnancies, also lost up to ¼ of its weight and the calves were left behind in their development by 10%, however, the rats were able to reach Earth normal weight. In the case of male rats decreased the concentration of spermatozoa as also their sexual impulses. The fertilization of a rat took triple the normal time on Earth.
On the other hand, other experiments with rats that were kept in conditions of weightlessness for up to 3 weeks, ie 1 / 50 of its life span, a period equivalent to one an-o and a half to a man who lived 75 an-I, showed atrophy of muscle tissue, appearance of osteoporosis, biochemical changes in the myocardium, brain and other internal organs. The animals also grew more slowly digested food better and consumed more oxygen. However, all these changes was not as permanent, but completely reversible. Space flight did not modify the extension of their lives and their reproductive functions. It came to the conclusion that the increased complexity occurs at the beginning of the flight and then reach an adaptation to the conditions.
Stars Returning to Earth, the puppies are transformed into objects of great attention. Little more than 24 hours after his return the dogs participated in a press conference in the building of the Soviet news agency TACC (TASS) and the following days were taken to kindergartens, schools and houses of nin-os orphans. After a few days on television showed images of flight and saw two small dogs as circled in a weightless environment where even barking appeared Belka and Strelka react more restrained. The popularity of both dogs was immense worldwide. A few months later Strelka (below far left) gave birth to 6 litters, one of which, named Pushok, was presented by Nikita Jacquelinne Xrushof to Kennedy, the wife of U.S. President John Kennedy. Strelka gave birth to more offspring in a second occasion. Both female dogs never again to fly and remained living in a research institute. Both lived to old age. . Today 
small dogs are kept both skins at the Museum of Astronautics in Moscow:
After the first man in space
On 26 October 1960, just over two months after the return of Belka and Strelka from space, the rocket explodes intercontinental R-16 as a launch pad fire died as a result 92 people including the Force Commander Soviet Missile, Marshal Mitrofan Ivanovich Niedielin. Officially it was reported that he died in a plane crash. Fifteen days before the tragedy of the CPSU Central Committee had made a secret decision to send a man into space, defined as the decision date to meet Soviet authorities in December 1960. The precondition was sent successfully 2 dogs successive flights into space.
Soviet press decided not to mention earlier accident under popular indignation by the use of dogs in scientific experiments and it was decided to name new releases only if satisfactory results.
The next flight took place on 1 December 1960. Time was of the female dogs and Мушка Пчелка (Bee and mosquitoes) that took off in the Vostok rocket at 7:26 pm. The female dogs went into orbit 24 hours without problems but when they had to return an error occurred. According to one version the rocket deviated to the side of Jupiter and small dogs suffocated after the braking system failure and took the rocket to a higher orbit. According to another version, the rocket fire when he entered the atmosphere.
December 22 attempt to put a new Vostok in orbit. The dog that occupied the nave were Жемчужина and Жулька (Pearl and Yulka). The stage of the rocket back to Earth had an emergency landing in the region of Tuva, in eastern Russia today. Killed the rats and insects on board and destroyed the plant but the small dogs were unharmed.
Al an-or next, on March 9 alone the dog flew Chiernushka (Bold) and successfully after completing an Earth orbit and then the 25th of that month, flew Zviozdachka (Estrellita) that after completing an Earth orbit back to Earth successfully. Satisfying the conditions were only 18 days for the first flight of a human being into space.
Yuri Gagarin is said that at a banquet after space flight would have said: "" So far I do not understand who I am, if the first human to travel into space or the last dog to do? "
Other small dogs famous Ветерок and Уголёк
little wind and Carboncito were two mongrel female dogs were sent into space on February 22, 1966 from the USSR in the Kosmos-110 spacecraft. The trip was extended by 23 transforming to the present day the most extensive flight by dogs. In terms human beings, a record surpassed only by the Skylab in June 1973.
small dogs are kept both skins at the Museum of Astronautics in Moscow: After the first man in space On 26 October 1960, just over two months after the return of Belka and Strelka from space, the rocket explodes intercontinental R-16 as a launch pad fire died as a result 92 people including the Force Commander Soviet Missile, Marshal Mitrofan Ivanovich Niedielin. Officially it was reported that he died in a plane crash. Fifteen days before the tragedy of the CPSU Central Committee had made a secret decision to send a man into space, defined as the decision date to meet Soviet authorities in December 1960. The precondition was sent successfully 2 dogs successive flights into space.
Soviet press decided not to mention earlier accident under popular indignation by the use of dogs in scientific experiments and it was decided to name new releases only if satisfactory results.
The next flight took place on 1 December 1960. Time was of the female dogs and Мушка Пчелка (Bee and mosquitoes) that took off in the Vostok rocket at 7:26 pm. The female dogs went into orbit 24 hours without problems but when they had to return an error occurred. According to one version the rocket deviated to the side of Jupiter and small dogs suffocated after the braking system failure and took the rocket to a higher orbit. According to another version, the rocket fire when he entered the atmosphere.
December 22 attempt to put a new Vostok in orbit. The dog that occupied the nave were Жемчужина and Жулька (Pearl and Yulka). The stage of the rocket back to Earth had an emergency landing in the region of Tuva, in eastern Russia today. Killed the rats and insects on board and destroyed the plant but the small dogs were unharmed.
Al an-or next, on March 9 alone the dog flew Chiernushka (Bold) and successfully after completing an Earth orbit and then the 25th of that month, flew Zviozdachka (Estrellita) that after completing an Earth orbit back to Earth successfully. Satisfying the conditions were only 18 days for the first flight of a human being into space.
Yuri Gagarin is said that at a banquet after space flight would have said: "" So far I do not understand who I am, if the first human to travel into space or the last dog to do? "
Other small dogs famous Ветерок and Уголёк
little wind and Carboncito were two mongrel female dogs were sent into space on February 22, 1966 from the USSR in the Kosmos-110 spacecraft. The trip was extended by 23 transforming to the present day the most extensive flight by dogs. In terms human beings, a record surpassed only by the Skylab in June 1973. .
The pups were taken 6 hours before the rocket launch. Ugaliok, who had previously called Снежок (Nievecita) was renamed Carboncito by their dark colors and also their travel compan-era, which changed its name Бздунок a similar and less expressive of their intestinal problems like Vietierok, little wind .
The Kosmos-110 landed on 17 March and the same day the passengers were sent to the Institute of Medical and Biological Problems, Ministry of Health of the USSR, the same which had been prepared to be sent into space. When they removed of Capron perritas suit turned out they had lost all his hair, could not hold up and were very weak, also had the pulse always very agitated and were suffering from thirst, but in a very short time recovered to normal. The small dogs had offspring and lived the rest of their lives in the premises of animals used in this type of experience.
The flight of two small dogs give much information to prepare the first space flight of long duration (18 days) that participated А.Г. Николаев and В.И. Севастьянов (Nikolaev, Sevastianov) on the ship Союз-9 (Sayúz-9)
The pups were taken 6 hours before the rocket launch. Ugaliok, who had previously called Снежок (Nievecita) was renamed Carboncito by their dark colors and also their travel compan-era, which changed its name Бздунок a similar and less expressive of their intestinal problems like Vietierok, little wind . The Kosmos-110 landed on 17 March and the same day the passengers were sent to the Institute of Medical and Biological Problems, Ministry of Health of the USSR, the same which had been prepared to be sent into space. When they removed of Capron perritas suit turned out they had lost all his hair, could not hold up and were very weak, also had the pulse always very agitated and were suffering from thirst, but in a very short time recovered to normal. The small dogs had offspring and lived the rest of their lives in the premises of animals used in this type of experience.
The flight of two small dogs give much information to prepare the first space flight of long duration (18 days) that participated А.Г. Николаев and В.И. Севастьянов (Nikolaev, Sevastianov) on the ship Союз-9 (Sayúz-9)
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